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Liberalism自由主义
Liberalism or sometimes called Modernism is a major shift in theological thinking which occurred in the late nineteenth century.自由主义或有时称为现代神学思想的重大转变是发生在19世纪后期. Liberals insist that the world has changed since the time Christianity was founded so that biblical terminology and creeds are incomprehensible to people today.自由主义者坚持,世界已经改变,因为当时基督诞生使圣经术语和信条是不能理解的今天人民. Although most would start from the orthodoxy of Jesus Christ as the revelation of a savior God, they try to rethink and communicate the faith in terms which can be understood today.虽然多数会开始从正统耶稣基督救世主上帝的启示,他们试图在反思和沟通的信念能理解.
It rejects religious belief based on authority alone, rather insists that beliefs must pass the tests of reason and experience.它反对基于宗教信仰权力就有相当坚持信仰必须经得起理性和经验. They point to the fact that the Bible is the work of writers who were limited by their times, it is neither supernatural nor an infallible record of divine revelation, and thus does not possess absolute authority.他们指出,事实上,圣经是工作的作家受时代既不超自然神的启示,也不是犯错的记录,因此不具备绝对权威. It sees God as present and dwelling within the world, not apart from or elevated above the world as a transcendent being.看在上帝作为当前和住家世界除了上面或不作为一个超然世界. Liberalism also manifests a humanistic optimism.自由主义还体现了人文乐观. Society is moving toward the realization of the kingdom of God, which will be an ethical state of human perfection.社会在走向上帝王国的实现,这将是人类的道德状况完美.
Theological liberalism originated in Germany in the late nineteenth century where most of the major theologians had studied.神学自由主义起源于十九世纪末期,在德国有部份主要神学研究. Many of them had come to accept the principles of higher criticism and Darwinism.许多人前来接受更高的批评和无情的原则. Kant's ethical idealism and rejection of all transcendental reasoning about religion had the effect of limiting knowledge and opening the way for faith.康德的道德理想主义和拒绝一切先验推理大约有结果限制宗教知识和开辟道路的信念. Schleiermacher introduced the idea of religion as a condition of the heart whose essence is feeling.莱尔马赫介绍宗教作为理念的本质是心脏状况感觉. This made Christian doctrine independent of philosophical systems and faith a matter of individual experience of dependence upon God.这使基督教义无关的哲学体系和信仰纯属个人经验依赖上帝. Hegel went off in another direction with his absolute idealism, as this emphasized the existence of a rational structure in the world apart from the individual minds of its inhabitants.黑格尔起身与他在另一个方向绝对唯心主义,这强调了结构合理的存在,世界上除个别心中感动. The main contributions of Hegelian idealism were support for the idea of divine immanence and the fostering of historical and biblical criticism.黑格尔唯心主义的主要贡献是对神的思想和内在的培养和圣经批判的历史.
Higher criticism questioned the authorship and dating of much of the biblical literature and rejected the traditional understanding of the Scriptures as divinely revealed oracles.高等批评和质疑约会作者大部分圣经的文学和拒绝理解的经文作为传统师发现甲骨文. The life of Jesus was studied with the intent of striping off the dogmatic formulations of the church and getting back to the concrete, historical human personage.生活与学习耶稣的意图带过教会和教条式表述回过头混凝土、人类历史的人物.
Liberals welcomed the finding of science and readily accommodated to the challenge of Darwinism.自由派欢迎随时找到科学的挑战达尔文入住. Evolution vindicated divine immanence, since this explained how God had slowly built the universe through natural law.神内在演变平反,因为这个上帝已经慢慢建立解释宇宙通过自然法则. God revealed himself, they believe, through a evolutionary process, as the Israelites began with backward, bloodthirsty ideas and gradually came to understand that the righteous God could be served only by those who are just, merciful, and humble.上帝揭示自己,但他们相信,通过进化过程,因为以色列人从落后嗜血想法和逐渐理解,可以实现上帝的正义只有那些公正仁慈、谦和. Redemption is seen as the gradual transformation of man from a primitive state to that of obedient sonship to God.赎回被视为人类逐渐从原始状态到上帝艾克哈听话. Just like the physical realm, culture and religion had evolved, and there was no fundamental antagonism between the kingdoms of faith and natural law.就像物理领域,文化和宗教演变、当时并没有根本对立的信仰和自然演义>.
Students of comparative religion have suggested that the religions of mankind evolved from lower stages to ever higher stages, the highest of all being monotheism.比较宗教学者认为,宗教是人类从低阶段向更高阶段所有被一神教最高. They propose that Israelite religion began as animism, the belief that every natural object is inhabited by a supernatural spirit.他们提出,以色列人开始为万物有灵的宗教,认为每一个自然物体是个少数民族聚居的超自然精神. After animism the idea developed in Israel that some spirits were more powerful than others and deserved to be called 'gods.' Eventually the most powerful of all became preeminent above the others, and the people believed in his supreme authority and worshiped him alone.万物有灵的想法后,一些发达国家在以色列神人比别人更强大、称得上'神.'终于成了最强大超前高于一切他人人们相信自己的最高权威和崇拜他了. Finally, Israel became willing to admit that the lesser gods had no existence whatever.最后,以色列才愿意承认,没有神的存在,不论较轻. [Walter A. Elwell, ed, Evangelical Dictionary of Theology][沃尔特甲elwell署、福音神学词典>
Liberalism portrayed Christianity as the syncretistic religion of the ancient Near East, denying its distinctiveness and the authority of the biblical canon.自由主义描绘的基督宗教融古老近东它的独特性和权威性否认圣经佳能. Christianity was merely one among many religions, all of which were relative to their time and circumstance, and thus it had no claim to finality.基督教只是众多宗教之一,且都是相对于自己的时间和情况因此它没有自称定局.
Another manifestation of modernism was "primitivism" as taught by Jean Rousseau.另一个表现是现代"原始"的教导让卢梭. He proposed that primitive man, "the noble save," was superior to civilized man.他建议原始人"的崇高挽救"文明优于男子. "If man is good by nature, it follows that he stays like that as long as nothing foreign to him corrupts him.""如果是善良的人,因此,他想留,只要他没有外国腐化他." It was this kind of thinking that prompted an artists like Paul Gauguin to desert his family and go to Tahiti in search of purity and freedom.据这种想法,促使画家保罗gauguin向沙漠家人前往大溪地寻找纯洁和自由. It was the ideas of Rousseau that formed the basis for the French Revolution.这是卢梭思想的基础,形成了法国大革命. Karl Marx, too, believed that we could achieve "heaven on Earth," once the corruptive influences of capitalism could be dismantled.马克思也相信我们能做到"天上人间",一旦资本主义的腐朽势力可以拆除.
The major source of liberal religious ideas in the United States was Unitarianism.自由的宗教观念的主要来源,在美国一元. It modified the doctrines of divine sovereignty, human sin, and biblical revelation.它改装教条主神,人仲、圣经启示. Liberal theologians concerned themselves with building the kingdom of God and promoting the applied liberalism known as the social gospel.自由神学建设的关心与上帝王国和促进应用自由主义称为社会福音. This emphasized the need to modify the corrupt society that in turn was corrupting man.这强调了需要修改反过来腐败的社会,是堕落的人. Sin or evil is seen as imperfection, ignorance, maladjustment, and immaturity, not the fundamental flaw in the universe.仲被视为邪恶或缺陷,无知,失调,和未成熟,没有根本缺点在宇宙. These hindrances may be overcome, it is believed, by persuasion and education.可以克服这些障碍,据信,说服教育. Liberalism with its emphasis on the freedom and self-determination of man gave religious sanction to modern man's efforts to control his life by autonomous reason and improve conditions by relying on his own goodness.与自由主义强调的自由与自决男子宗教制裁给现代人的努力控制他的生活由自治原因和改进情况,依靠自己的美德. Progress was seen in the advance of political democracy, the movement for world peace, and efforts to end racial discrimination.只见进度提前在政治民主,运动为世界和平,努力结束种族歧视.
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Traditional values and morals, along with any basic hope for the future, were really shattered by World War I. That even was so cataclysmic that it destroyed the faith that had been building throughout the 19th century in the inevitability of progress.传统价值观和道德,根本没有随着对未来的期望真的破灭了第一次世界大战,即使如此,它摧毁了灾难性的信仰所建于19世纪的进步的必然性. After World War I it was no longer taken for granted that Western Civilization would survive, and many questioned whether a reliance on traditional values would enable it to do so.第一次世界大战后它不再视为理所当然,西方文明将生存许多质疑和依靠传统价值观将使它要这样做.
From the modernists perspective, one of the most basic assumptions of Western civilization was no longer credible - that is, that man could discern and solve every problem and thus control his world through reason.从现代艺术的角度看,其中最基本的假设西方文明已不再可信,即这名男子并没有解决不了的问题,可以看出他的世界,从而控制通过的原因. This thinking was further influenced strongly by Sigmund Freud’s studies of the unconscious.这个想法得到进一步的强烈影响弗洛伊德的无意识研究. He declared that it was really the unconscious and not reason that was master of human behavior.他宣称这是真的昏迷,而不是人类行为的原因就是大师.
By the 1930s some liberals moved much further to the left and turned to secular humanism (as reflected in their 1933 manifesto repudiating the existence of God, immortality, and the supernatural in general, and substituted faith in man and his capabilities.)有些自由派提出了1930多步左右转向世俗人文主义(反映在其1933年宣言否定了存在上帝,不死、鬼神,以及一般人的信念取代其工作能力).
The destructive myth of Rousseaus' "the noble savage" was reconstituted in the revolutionary 1960s - that "if it feels good, do it" decade - and is still poisoning the minds and souls of Americans in the 1990s.卢梭的破坏性神话"高尚的野蛮"改编的革命1960--"如果感觉好,做"十年后仍在毒害心灵的美国人在90年代. Today’s sixties-style idealists who are running the White House, as well as many of our most influential cultural institutions, think that a risk-free, problem-free society remains a goal worthy of striving for.今天的60式经营者理想主义者白宫以及许多最有影响的文化机构、认为无风险,解决社会自由仍值得争取的目标. Naturally, government is always the vehicle of choice on the road to this elusive utopia.当然,政府总是在路上的车辆选择这个难以捉摸乌托邦. This futile paradise chase, consequently, enables government to do anything and everything necessary to address all human needs - real or imagined.徒劳追逐天堂,因而让政府做什么,一切要以解决所有人类需要草木皆兵. Thus, the U.S. government’s role in human affairs - which was once well defined and strictly limited by our Constitution - now extends to every conceivable facet of life.因此,美国政府的作用,人类事务--这个曾经明确界定和严格限制我国宪法千方百计扩大到现在的生活面貌.
Deprived of a Christian view of the cosmos as orderly and purposeful, the modernists came to see it as fragmented, chaotic and without transcendent meaning.由于失去了基督教作为宇宙秩序,扣人心弦<现代看清它当作零散、混乱和无超然的含义. Modernism was characterized by skepticism and radical questioning of the value of society, of morality, of reason, of religion, even of life itself.现代主义和激进的特点是怀疑论质疑的社会价值、道德、理性、宗教、甚至生命本身. After all, if God does not exist, all things are permitted.毕竟,如果上帝不存在,任何事情都是允许的. Without God there is no foundation on which one can base values or beliefs - thus anything goes and nothing matters. [John Pototschnik, "The Foundations of Cultural Death," Lamplighter , May 1994] .没有上帝也没有基础,使基地的价值观和信仰可以故名东西什么事情.[约翰pototschnik"文化基金会死神"lamplighter,1994年5月].
The present generation has become the inheritors of the belief that there will never be a unified field of knowledge encompassing the physical universe and the spiritual.目前已成为一代的传承,相信也不会有一个统一的知识领域涵盖物理、宇宙的精神. They have been encouraged to take a leap of faith while believing the new creed that the only faculty for making judgments they have is their inner senses.他们被鼓励采取新的飞跃信仰而信仰,信仰只有医学院作理智判断他们的内心. Rejecting the revelation of God, the intelligent man has no standard, no basis in truth, from which to make intelligent moral and religious discriminations.拒绝上帝的启示,聪明人也没有标准,没有依据事实,从道德和宗教歧视,使智能. Tolerance has become the only way of dealing with conflicting, even contradictory worldviews.宽容成了唯一的方式,解决矛盾,甚至矛盾的世界观. Each is viewed as being equally valid and as a matter of mere private opinion.每个人视为具有同等效力,如儿戏,仅私人见解. The "all is permitted" attitude really reflects a widespread loss of values, a moral and intellectual impotence which breeds pseudomoralisms for any sort of gratification people pursue."全部允许"的态度,真正体现了广泛的损失价值道德和智力阳痿滋生pseudomoralisms为满足人们追求什么.
The Major World Views世界主要观点
Agnosticism不可知论
Holds that truth is "unknowable."认为真理是"不可知"
Rationalism理性
Sees all of nature as rational and the making of proper deductions is essential to achieving knowledge.看到一切自然理性和制定适当的扣减是实现知识.
Pragmatism实用主义
Is more concerned with what 'works' than with what's true.更关注的是'作品'不是什么真.
Monism论
Everything is an undifferentiated oneness or unity.一切是未分化或统一性团结.
Henotheismhenotheism
One supreme god, not necessarily to the exclusion of other lesser gods.最高神之一,不一定要排除其他较小的神明.
Liberalism/Modernism自由主义/现代
We must rethink and adapt our concept of God and truth to fit with modern culture and modes of thinking.我们必须重新调整我们的观念与上帝和真理以适应现代文化和思维方式.
Pantheism/Naturalism泛神论/自然
Everything is god.一切都是上帝.
Polytheism多神教
There are many gods.有许多神.
Atheism无神论
There is no God.毫无神.
Monotheism一神教
There is only one God.世界上只有一个上帝.
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Paul then stood up in the meeting of the Areopagus and said: “Men of Athens!保罗站起来,在当时的贵族会议,说:"雅典男人! I see that in every way you are very religious.我看见你很宗教哭声.
For as I walked around and looked carefully at your objects of worship, I even found an altar with this inscription: TO AN UNKNOWN GOD.因为我走到你身边,仔细崇拜对象,甚至我找到了这个祭坛题词:向不知名的上帝. Now what you worship as something unknown I am going to proclaim to you.现在你们崇拜看成不详我要宣布你.
[Acts 17:22-23][行为17:22-23] |
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